![]() ![]() (A) Prototypical sleep stage architecture across a 9 hr sleep period in a younger adult (top) and an older adult (bottom), using classic sleep staging criteria ( Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968). Schematic of Age-Related Changes in Sleep Architecture and NREM Sleep Oscillations It is clear that some older adults show little sleep impairment, while others show dramatic alterations, despite chronological age being similar ( Redline et al., 2004 Vitiello, 2009), a topic that we will return to throughout this review. This is not to suggest a lack of individual variability in the degree of sleep disruption. Advancing into the fifth decade of older age and beyond are a collection of well-characterized changes in sleep architecture ( Figure 1A): (1) advanced sleep timing (i.e., earlier bedtimes and rise times), (2) longer sleep-onset latency (i.e., longer time taken to fall asleep), (3) shorter overall sleep duration, (4) increased sleep fragmentation (i.e., less consolidated sleep with more awakenings, arousals, or transitions to lighter sleep stages), (5) more fragile sleep (i.e., higher likelihood of being woken by external sensory stimuli), (6) reduced amount of deeper NREM sleep known as slow wave sleep (SWS), (7) increased time spent in lighter NREM stages 1 and 2, (8) shorter and fewer NREM-REM sleep cycles, and (9) increased time spent awake throughout the night ( Conte et al., 2014 Feinberg and Carlson, 1968 Kales et al., 1967 Klerman and Dijk, 2008 Landolt et al., 1996 Ohayon et al., 2004 Redline et al., 2004 Van Cauter et al., 2000 Vienne et al., 2016 Webb and Campbell, 1979 Zepelin et al., 1984). ![]()
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